Arora: Backwardness is required to be determined on multiple factors by committees which is Article 340 of Constitution. Then lay down the test in Jarnail Singh and Nagaraj. This is one of the guard rails- how to determine backwardness.

Arora: Representation is a guard rail which has been built in. Reservation cannot exceed 50%- Balaji. Reservation of SC and STs must balance administration with social justice.

Arora: Reservations are class based remedies. They're class as against a section. Economically weaker Sections- that is the amendment. Reservations are class based to counteract the historic injustices.