Datar: The third factor is social dynamics. Our submission is that the limit of 50% is an essential part of equality. This is what Dr. Ambedkar calls the “first principle”. It’s before all, it’s a meta principle. 15(4) and 16(4) further this law of equality.

Justice Bhat: Representation in Article 16(4) is empowerment. But, in 15(4), it’s not just empowerment, it’s access to State facilities.