Datar: It is also to be noted that 15(4) was added right after the 1st Amendment.

Justice Bhat: Structure of 15(4) is like 16(3).

Datar is now reading out a judgement.

Datar: The limit which has been placed on 16(4), has to be applied to 15(4) as well. If socially, education is “x”, then 15(4) and 16(4) is “x+y”.

Bench: So, socially, educationally backward is a subset of backward classes.