INTRODUCTION The need for a legislation to ensure fair competition in the Indian market became even more pronounced due to the liberalisation and privatisation of the early 1990s. The enactment of Competition Act in 2002 replaced The Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practises Act, 1969 and the Act has seen some amendments since. Recently, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs...
INTRODUCTION
The need for a legislation to ensure fair competition in the Indian market became even more pronounced due to the liberalisation and privatisation of the early 1990s. The enactment of Competition Act in 2002 replaced The Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practises Act, 1969 and the Act has seen some amendments since. Recently, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs has proposed amendments to the Competition Act and draft bill has been put up for public comments.
The current article discusses the two mechanisms proposed in the draft Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2020, namely Settlements and Commitments- to tackle Anti-Competitive practices.
COMPETITION LAW AMEDNMENT BILL 2020
While the systems of Settlements and Commitments are fairly new for the Indian Competition regime, they have been employed in United States of America., United Kingdom and the European Union ("EU") for over a decade now.
The Anti-Trust regimes from these jurisdictions have shown how the use of these mechanisms in the enforcement of the Anti-Trust laws can be achieved in a speedy manner.[1]The regimes from these jurisdictions have shown speedy achievement of enforcement of anti-trust law through employment of these mechanisms. Commitments, as a tool, are a more recent addition in most of the jurisdictions except for the U.S.A. It was adopted by the EU only in the year 2004.
The Competition Law Amendment Bill, 2020 is one of the major amendment bills introduced in the field of commercial laws.[2] The Amendment Bill is a major step introduced in the field of commercial laws. Through Sections 48A, 48B and 48C, the bill introduces the provisions for 'Commitment' and 'Settlement' as a means of resolving dispute which will be subject to regulations specified by the Competition Act, 2000 ("Act").[3]
The addition of these provisions in the Act can bring the Indian Competition Law up to speed with the globally accepted mechanisms of dispute resolution, thereby ensuring better enforcement of competition laws in the country.
SETTLEMENT & COMMITMENT
Settlements:
'Settlements' as an alternative mechanism involves acknowledgment of anti-trust practices and liability for the same by the enterprises involved and consequently, the Competition Commission of India ("CCI") shall impose a reduced fine than it would have imposed if the case was not settled. This mechanism primarily involves accepting the infringement and a promise to discontinue antitrust practices by the enterprise and is well within the scheme of the Act.[4]
The reduction of fine which is the settlement can be viewed as a co-operative practice by the enterprise has infringed the law. However, it is pertinent to note that this mechanism is not similar to civil suit settlement practice under Civil Procedure Code. The parties to the case cannot settle within themselves, it has to be under the CCI regime.
Commitments:
Commitments are used as a tool for better enforcement of competition law within the market. Commitment decisions are essentially behavioural remedies that are voluntarily taken up by a party being investigated for contravention of competition laws. These behavioural remedies address the competition concerns that led to an investigation in the first place.
By offering these behavioural changes, the party being investigated can avoid the investigation without the admission of the alleged infringement of laws. However, commitments cannot be offered in every case. The nature of the alleged contravention along with the effectiveness of the commitment to address and solve the competition concerns will be given consideration while accepting the commitments.
Difference between Commitment and Settlement[5]:
| Sr. No | Point | Settlement | Commitment |
| 1 | Establishes | Establishes infringement and requires admission of guilt from the parties. | Does not require infringement and admission. |
| 2 | Involves | Cease and desist of the past behaviour by the parties. | Commitment towards future behaviour. |
| 3 | Requirement | Important to establish violation of the law through initial investigation. | This procedure is agreed upon by the parties in exchange of termination of further investigation. |
Procedure prescribed by the Bill[6]:
| Sr. No | Procedure for Settlement - Section 48A | Procedure for Commitment- Section 48B |
| 1 | Any person, against whom an enquiry has been initiated under Section 26(1) for contravention of Section 3(4) or Section 4 of the Act, may submit an application to the CCI in the manner prescribed.
| Any person against whom an enquiry has been initiated under Section 26(1) for contravention of Section 3(4) or Section 4 of the Act may submit an application to the CCI in the manner prescribed. |
| 2 | Application can be submitted at any time after receipt of report by the Director General ("DG") under Section 26(4) but prior to passing an order under Section 26 or 28. | Application can be submitted at any time after an order has been passed by the CCI under Section 26(1) but prior to receipt of the report by the DG under Section 26(4). |
| 3 | CCI after taking into consideration nature, gravity and impact of the contraventions agree to the proposal for settlement. Terms will be determined by CCI according to the regulations made under the Act. | CCI after taking into consideration nature, gravity and impact of the contraventions agree to the proposal for commitment. Terms will be determined by CCI according to the regulations made under the Act. |
| 4 | If CCI is of the opinion that the settlement offered is inappropriate or parties do not reach to an agreement on the terms of settlement, it can pass an order of rejection and proceed with the enquiry. | If CCI is of the opinion that the settlement offered is inappropriate or parties do not reach to an agreement on the terms of commitment, it can pass an order of rejection and proceed with the enquiry. |
| 5 | No appeal lies under Section 53B against any order passed by the CCI. | No appeal lies under Section 53B against any order passed by the CCI. |
BENEFITS &CHALLENGES:
BENEFITS:
- Pendency-. It was observed in the CCI Annual Report of 2016-17 that completion of investigation takes more time due to inadequacy in staff strength, followed by the complexity of the anti-trust cases and scarcity of required resources.
Also, adopting 'commitment' as an alternative shall trigger high level negotiations, which will inherently put an end to the prolonged investigation - is beneficial for both the enterprises and the market. The statistics in the past few years demonstrate that it takes an average of 4 years for the CCI to reach final decisions and almost 40-45% of such decisions are set aside by the appellate authority.
- Alternative Resolution Mechanism- Even though CCI is a regulatory body, it is not the first one to adapt to settlement as an alternative resolution mechanism; Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI") through the SEBI Administrative and Civil Proceedings Regulations, 2014 has envisaged a mechanism for settlement for various violations.[7]
The proposed amendment on a similar note intends to provide for an alternative and a faster mechanism for resolving disputes. Settlements and Commitments shall ensure quicker resolution of cases and eventually show a positive impact on the market.
CHALLENGES:
While the very aim of the proposed amendments to the Act by way of addition of Settlement and Commitments is to achieve better enforcement of competition law, the challenges that might arise due to this need to be addressed as well. For the adoption of Settlements and Commitments it must be ensured that the authority of the CCI is not jeopardised because the need for an independent, unbiased regulatory body cannot be substituted.
- Discretionary powers with the CCI - The Competition Commission of India is given discretion to accept or reject applications for settlements and commitments after considering the nature, gravity and impact of the contravention. While details of how this shall be given effect are yet to be elaborated in the regulations that will follow, it is essential that such discretion of the CCI finds a sound basis in every case without any bias.
- Detailed Regulation - In its current stage of the Bill, it is unclear if findings about the alleged contravention will be included in the Settlement and Commitment orders. This raises the question about compensation claim against such Settlement and Commitment orders.
- Acceptability of Settlements - Although the primary purpose of these mechanisms is to speed up the disposal of cases, they should not be resorted to in every matter. Certain cases are best disposed of by way of litigation. This in turn points towards another significant issue- what is an acceptable settlement? Only if the settlement helps in tackling the anti-competitive practice and deters its recurrence can it be said to successful. If this is not achieved, the litigation route should be taken.
CONCLUSION
The intention of introducing Settlement mechanism and Commitment procedure is to provide for an efficient alternative mechanism for resolving disputes and proficient adjudication by Commission. The purpose of the Competition Act is to ensure a healthy competition in the market. Moreover, the inclusion of Settlement and Commitment improves flexibility in functioning for the enterprises. However, it is unarguable that the proposed addition requires a few procedural clarifications and changes, introduction of which will lead to an overall efficient process.
[1]Antitrust Settlements: The Culture of Consent – Douglas H. Ginsburg, Joshua D. Wright. Available at https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_statements/antitrust-settlements-culture-consent/130228antitruststlmt.pdf
[2] Competition Law Amendment Bill, 2020 available at http://feedapp.mca.gov.in/pdf/Draft-Competition-Amendment-Bill-2020.pdf
[3] Section 48A(4) in the draft Competition Law Amendment Bill, 2020
[4] Tamil Nadu Film Exhibitors Association v. CCI & Ors. (W.A. No. 1806 and 1807 of 2013)
[6] Section 48A and 48B of the Competition Law Amendment Bill,2020