Gujarat Anti-Conversion Law Prima Facie Interferes With Marriage & Right To Choice, Infringes Article 21 : Gujarat High Court [Read Order]
The Court said that the law puts parties who have validly entered into inter-faith marriage "in great jeopardy".
While protecting inter-faith marriages by consenting adults from the rigours of the Gujarat Freedom of Religion(Amendment) Act 2021, the Gujarat High Court prima facie observed that the law "interferes with the intricacies of marriage including the right to the choice of an individual, thereby infringing Article 21 of the Constitution Of India".A division bench comprising Chief Justice...
While protecting inter-faith marriages by consenting adults from the rigours of the Gujarat Freedom of Religion(Amendment) Act 2021, the Gujarat High Court prima facie observed that the law "interferes with the intricacies of marriage including the right to the choice of an individual, thereby infringing Article 21 of the Constitution Of India".
A division bench comprising Chief Justice Vikram Nath and Justice Biren Vaishnav observed that the provisions of the law, commonly known as the 'love jihad' law, put parties who have validly entered into inter-faith marriage "in great jeopardy".
Though the order was pronounced on August 19, it was uploaded later. From a reading of the order, it is noted that the Court expressed concerns about the provisions which treat every conversion by marriage as unlawful.
"Marriage itself and a consequential conversion is deemed as an unlawful conversion attracting penal provisions", the Court said after perusing the provisions.
It also noted that the law places the burden of proof on the persons who have entered into the inter-faith marriages.
"Section 6A of the 2003 Act places the burden of proof on the parties entering into an inter-faith marriage to prove that the marriage was not solemnized on account of any fraud, allurement or coercion," said the Court.
Here, it is important to note that Section Section 6A of the Act deals with the Burden of Proof, under which, it places the burden of proof of innocence on the person who caused the conversion.
Common man may perceive every inter-faith marriage as prohibited by the Act
The Court noted that the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act 2003 was brought to ban conversion by force or allurement or fraudulent means. The 2021 amendment brings conversions due to marriage through force or allurement or fraudulent means under the purview of the Act.
The Court said that the interpretation advanced by the Advocate General that the Act only deals with conversions after inter-faith marriage by way of allurement, force or by fraudulent means "may not be understood by the common man".
"The submission of Mr. Trivedi, learned Advocate General that the element of fraud, allurement or coercion which is sought to be brought in by reading the Statement of Objects and Reasons and the other provisions of the 2003 Act, may not be understood by a common man. The interpretation of Section 3 of the 2003 Act as Mr. Trivedi, learned Advocate General wants us to read would be a subject matter of adjudication but prima facie on a plain reading of Section 3 of the 2003 Act, we feel that marriage inter-faith followed by conversion would amount to an offfence under the 2003 Act. Marriage itself and a consequential conversion is deemed as an unlawful conversion attracting penal provisions", the Court said.
The Court also referred to the Supreme Court's judgment in the case Shafin Jahan v. Ashokan (Hadiya case) which held that the right to marry a person of one's choice was an integral part of the fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution.
The High Court said that a common man might perceive every conversion due to inter-faith marriage as prohibited by the Act.
"From the perception of the common man, it appears that merely because a conversion occurs because of marriage, it per se cannot be held to be an unlawful conversion or a marriage done for the purpose of unlawful conversion", it said.
"Prima-facie inter-faith marriages between two consenting adults by operation of the provisions of Section 3 of the 2003 Act interferes with the intricacies of marriage including the right to the choice of an individual, thereby infringing Article 21 of the Constitution Of India", the Court added.
The Amendment Act was notified on April 1 this year, in the lines of "anti-love jihad" laws brought by the States of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The provisions of the Amendment Act are explained here.
The act was challenged as an invasion into personal autonomy, free choice, freedom of religion, and unlawful discrimination and hence violative of the fundamental rights under Articles 14, 21 and 25 of the Constitution. On August 5, the Court had heard arguments in the petition (report may be read here).
The operative part of the order read as follows:
"After recording the preliminary submissions and arguments advanced, we have directed as follows. We are therefore of the opinion that pending further hearing, the rigours of Section 3, 4, 4A to 4C, 5, 6, and 6A shall not operate merely because marriage is solemnized by a person of one religion with another religion without force or allurement or fraudulent means and such marriages cannot be termed as marriages for the purposes of unlawful conversion. The above interim order is provided only on the lines of the arguments made by the learned Advocate General Mr.Trivedi and to protect the parties of inter-faith marriage from being unnecessarily harassed".
The provisions dealt with by the court's interim order :
Section 3 of the Act prohibits forcible conversion from one religion to another by use of force or by allurement or by fraudulent means, however, now the amended Bill proposes to prohibit acts like forcible religious conversion by marriage or aiding a person to get married.
Section 3A enables any aggrieved person, his parents, brother, sister, or any other person related by blood, marriage or adoption may lodge an FIR with respect to an alleged unlawful conversion.
Section 4A prescribes punishment of imprisonment in the range of 3 to 5 years for unlawful conversion.
Section 4B declares marriages by unlawful conversion as void.
Section 4C deals with offences of organizations doing unlawful conversion.
Section 6A places the burden of proof on the accused.
In effect, the Court has held that these provisions will not apply to inter-faith marriages based on free consent by adults.