‘Satyameva Jayate,’ (Truth Alone Triumphs) is part of the first stanza of Shloka 3.1.6 of Mundakopanishad[1]. Satyameva Jayate was adopted as the motto of the Nation, on India becoming a Republic on 26.1.1950. Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, during his second term as the president of the Indian National Congress in 1918, chose the slogan ‘Satyameva Jayate’. The choice of...
‘Satyameva Jayate,’ (Truth Alone Triumphs) is part of the first stanza of Shloka 3.1.6 of Mundakopanishad[1]. Satyameva Jayate was adopted as the motto of the Nation, on India becoming a Republic on 26.1.1950. Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, during his second term as the president of the Indian National Congress in 1918, chose the slogan ‘Satyameva Jayate’. The choice of the slogan ‘Satyameva Jayate’ might have been to counter the propaganda of the ruling British, who made efforts to propagate the myth that the Indians are untruthful. Perhaps, the idea was also to expound the importance of Truth in the context of Indian ethos and culture.[2]
The word ‘motto’ is defined as “A short sentence or phrase chosen as encapsulating the beliefs or ideals of an individual, family, or institution[3]”. Most of the countries invoke God, faith, unity, strength etc., in mottos. By choosing ‘Truth Alone Triumphs’ as the motto of the newborn nation, the makers of the Constitution signified the importance given to ‘Truth’ as an ideal for the nation and it stands distinct from the common and usual mottos of most of the countries.[4] The courts in India, except for the Supreme Court, follow the motto ‘Satyameva Jayate’. The Supreme Court follows the motto ‘Yato Dharma Stato Jayah’[5].
The first line of the Shloka 3.1.6 of Mundakopanishad declared “Satyameva Jayate-Nanritam” that is, Truth Alone Triumphs - Not Falsehood. The ‘Nanritam’[6] in the Shloka is extremely significant. While Satya alone must triumph and be victorious, ‘Anritam’ (untruth or falsehood) must be conquered and defeated, without exception and under all the circumstances. Unless checked, the ‘Anritam’ would cause immense damage and may triumph over ‘Satya’. The courts and tribunals, having the pious duty of rendering justice, are immediately and equally concerned with Satya and Anritam i.e., Truth and falsehood.
A large number of judgments have elaborately dealt with the importance of Truth in the justice delivery system. To emphasise the point that is sought to be made in the present article, that is Anritam (falsehood/untruth) must be stamped out and calls for equal stress as Truth, I have selected four judgments of the Supreme Court. The first of the judgments selected is Maria Margarida Sequeira Fernandes v. Erasmo Jack de Sequeira[7], in which the Supreme Court reiterated the importance of truth in justice delivery system. The Supreme Court held:
“The truth should be the guiding star in the entire judicial process. Truth alone has to be the foundation of justice. The entire judicial system has been created only to discern and find out the real truth. Judges at all levels have to seriously engage themselves in the journey of discovering the truth. That is their mandate, obligation and bounden duty. Justice System will acquire credibility only when people will be convinced that justice is based on the foundation of the truth.”
In Dalip Singh v. State of U.P.,[8] the Supreme Court lamented the falling moral values in the society, particularly, during the past few decades, following independence and reiterated that a litigant, who pollutes the stream of justice, would not be entitled to any relief, interim or final. The court held:
- For many centuries Indian society cherished two basic values of life i.e. “satya” (truth) and “ahimsa” (non-violence). Mahavir, Gautam Buddha and Mahatma Gandhi guided the people to ingrain these values in their daily life. Truth constituted an integral part of the justice-delivery system which was in vogue in the pre-Independence era and the people used to feel proud to tell truth in the courts irrespective of the consequences. However, the post-Independence period has seen drastic changes in our value system. The materialism has overshadowed the old ethos and the quest for personal gain has become so intense that those involved in litigation do not hesitate to take shelter of falsehood, misrepresentation and suppression of facts in the court proceedings
- In the last 40 years, a new creed of litigants has cropped up. Those who belong to this creed do not have any respect for truth. They shamelessly resort to falsehood and unethical means for achieving their goals. In order to meet the challenge posed by this new creed of litigants, the courts have, from time to time, evolved new rules and it is now well established that a litigant, who attempts to pollute the stream of justice or who touches the pure fountain of justice with tainted hands, is not entitled to any relief, interim or final.”
In A. Shanmugam v. Ariya Kshatriya Rajakula Vamsathu Madalaya Nandhavana Paripalanai Sangam[9], the Supreme Court lamented that frivolous litigation is choking up the courts valuable time eating into the time of the judiciary that could have been spent on genuine cases and the unscrupulous litigants are taking advantage of the justice system. The court held:
This case demonstrates widely prevalent state of affairs where litigants raise disputes and cause litigation and then obstruct the progress of the case only because they stand to gain by doing so. It is a matter of common experience that the court’s otherwise scarce resources are spent in dealing with non-deserving cases and unfortunately those who were waiting in the queue for justice in genuine cases usually suffer. This case is a typical example of delayed administration of civil justice in our courts. A small suit, where the appellant was directed to be evicted from the premises in 1994, took 17 years before the matter was decided by the High Court. Unscrupulous litigants are encouraged to file frivolous cases to take undue advantage of the judicial system.
In Ramrameshwari Devi v. Nirmala Devi[10], the Supreme Court held that it is necessary to ensure that wrongdoers are denied profits from frivolous litigation. The court held:
“We are clearly of the view that unless we ensure that wrongdoers are denied profit or undue benefit from the frivolous litigation, it would be difficult to control frivolous and uncalled for litigations. In order to curb uncalled for and frivolous litigation, the courts have to ensure that there is no incentive or motive for uncalled for litigation. It is a matter of common experience that court’s otherwise scarce and valuable time is consumed or more appropriately, wasted in a large number of uncalled for cases.”
The above referred four judgments show the importance of Truth, the falling moral values, the damage that is being caused to the justice delivery system due to false and frivolous litigation and the necessity to deny the benefits to the wrongdoer. What was really troubling the court in these four cases, nay in most of the cases, is Anritam - The false pleas.
The judgments rendered by the Supreme Court and the high courts repeatedly stressing the importance of Truth and declarations that ‘Anritam’ will not be tolerated, hardly percolates to the common man. Consequently, false and frivolous litigation is proliferating and has become the bane of our justice delivery system. Litigants raise utterly false pleas before the courts, as it is profitable to fight and drag on the litigation as long as possible. The delay in such cases is inevitable, as the courts have to discern the truth. The overburdened judiciary takes decades to adjudicate and grant relief to the aggrieved party. The party raising false pleas before the courts knows that at the end of the day, a few decades later, even if he loses the case, it is still hugely profitable. There is hardly any deterrence preventing a litigant from raising false pleas. The deterrence is simply not enough or proportionate to the benefits derived by raising false pleas. The laws and the courts are unable to deal with this menace of false and frivolous litigation and the stress laid by the courts repeatedly warning of the consequences of ‘Anritam’ has no effect, with the result the cancer of false and frivolous litigation, is taking its toll on the health of our justice delivery system.
The ‘Anritam’ part of the Upanishad is vital. ‘Satyameva Jayate’ as the motto of the nation is apt, but the courts need a bit more. The courts have to deal with ‘Anritam’ and stamp it out. It is necessary to enlighten the general public and warn them that ‘Anritam’ will not be tolerated. The message must not only be delivered but instilled in the common man. The repeated declarations and warnings by the courts in judgments are not having the desired effect. A motto, however, is capable of spurring people to achieve a goal and get over mental doldrums. I am not suggesting that changing the motto will change everything or stamp out ‘Anritam’ on its own. But it cannot be ignored that a motto has its own intrinsic value and influences the thought process. While ‘Satyameva Jayate’ as a motto is apt for the nation, for the courts ‘Satyameva Jayate - Nanritam’ may be more appropriate. The message, that ‘Anritam’ will not be tolerated, can be effectively communicated and instilled by ‘Satyameva Jayate - Nanritam’ as the motto of the courts, (other than the Supreme Court), to strike at ‘Anritam’ with proportionate force and determination, so that ‘Truth alone Triumphs - Not falsehood’.
‘Satyameva Jayate - Nanritam’
C Mohan Rao is an Advocate-on-Record, Supreme Court of India.
[The opinions expressed in this article are the personal opinions of the author. The facts and opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of LiveLaw and LiveLaw does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same]
[1] The full Shloka:
satyameva jayate nānṛtaṃ
satyena panthā vitato devayānaḥ
yenākramantyṛṣayo hyāptakāmā
yatra tat satyasya paramaṃ nidhānam[
Truth alone triumphs; not falsehood.
Through truth the divine path is spread out
by which the sages whose desires have been completely fulfilled,
reach to where is that supreme treasure of Truth.
Broad Translation from Swamy Krishnananda’s Mundaka Upanishad:
https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/mundak/mun_3-1.html
[2] See the second lecture titled “On the Truthful Character of the Hindus’ by Freidrich Max Muller, Cambridge University 1882, Published under the title, “India: What Can it Teach us”. The lectures were “specially intended for the candidates for the Indian Civil Service.” Mr. Muller during the course of the lecture said: “So often has that charge of untruthfulness been repeated, and so generally is it now accepted, that it seems almost Quixotic to try to fight against it."
[3] https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/motto.
[4] For example: US-In God We Trust; France- Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, Poland- God, Honour and Home Land; Pakistan- Faith, Unity and Discipline.
[5] From Anusashana Parva, Bheeshma Swargarohana Upaparva of Mahabharata, where Bhisma tells Yudhisthira that “Yato Krishna Tato Dharma, Yato Dharma Stato Jaya” i.e. Where there is Krishna, there is Dharma and where there is Dharma, there is victory.
[6] ‘Ritam’ means ‘Truth’. ‘Anritam’ means ‘Untruth/falsehood’. ‘Nanritam’ means ‘not untruth/ not falsehood.’
[7] (2012) 5 SCC 370
[8] (2010) 2 SCC 114
[9] (2012) 6 SCC 430,
[10] (2011) 8 SCC 249